Particle emissions from a modern heavy-duty diesel engine as ice nuclei in immersion freezing mode: a laboratory study on fossil and renewable fuels

Abstract. We studied ice-nucleating abilities of particulate emissions from a modern heavy-duty diesel engine using three different types fuel. The polydisperse particle were sampled during operation and introduced to continuous-flow diffusion chamber (CFDC) instrument at constant relative humidity RHwater=110 %, while the temperature was ramped between ?43 ?32 ?C (T scan). tested fuels EN 590 compliant low-sulfur fossil diesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), rapeseed methyl ester (RME); all without blending. Sampling carried out stages in exhaust aftertreatment system, with simulated atmospheric processing an oxidation flow reactor. In addition ice nucleation experiments, we used supportive instrumentation characterize emitted particles for their physicochemical properties presented six parameters. found that contained no significant concentrations likely be relevance. substitution renewable fuels, emission systems such as catalyst, photochemical aging total had only minor effect on abilities.